Fall 2019 Course Descriptions Archive

100-Level

1410.001: Introduction to Literature (Previously ENGL 150)

TR 1100-1215
Vicki Vanbrocklin, vvanbrocklin@unm.edu

Literature. This word invokes strong feelings in us.  It also creates an idea that some literature is inherently better than others—that there is a capital L Literature and a lower-case literature. This course seeks to open up this word.  We will work on reading strategies that improve critical thinking and work to better understand different genres: the short story, poetry, drama, films, and graphic novels/comics.  We will explore how various genres delve into the human experience by discussing topics that involve race, gender, and sexuality among others.  We will examine how literature provides a glance into what makes up humanity. Our anthology Literature, The Human Experience focuses on a world view rather than an approach that relies on canonical literature. Additionally, we will explore modern film adaptations and engage with three graphic novels/comics Black, Black- America’s Sweetheart, and Hero Twins.  This course will approach “literature” in a thematic way rather than by genre or chronological. Along with examining and thinking about literature, students will compose short responses and produce a literary analysis that delves into a topic that interests them.

1410.002: Introduction to Literature (Previously ENGL 150)

MWF 1300-1350
Laurie Lowrance, llowrance@unm.edu

Why does literature matter? English 1410 examines the social power of stories and the ways in which stories construct our worlds, our bodies, and our identities. While learning and refining the valuable skills of analysis, close reading, and interpretation, students will engage with works of fiction, poetry, and drama from a range of time periods, cultures, and authors and work to understand literary texts as a vital form of social critique. Through taking this class, students from any major will improve their skills of reading, writing, research, and analysis and develop a deeper understanding of the continued importance of historical and contemporary literature to the world around us.

1410.004: Introduction to Literature: New American Literature (Previously ENGL 150)

Online
Jesse Costantino, jcostantino@unm.edu

Drawing from recently published literary works in the US and Latin America, this course teaches and applies critical reading, critical writing, and critical analysis to the study of contemporary American literature. By studying closely literature from across a wide range of genres and populations, students will learn to produce meaning from a text by way of formal and informal written responses. Students will learn to identify and describe the ways in which individual texts absorb, repel, and exist alongside present-day political and social movements. This course also asks students to make sense of the material objects (like books or libraries) and virtual platforms (like e-books or online archives) that house what we continue to call "literature." Readings will include Claudia Rankine’s Citizen, Valeria Luiselli’s Tell Me How It Ends, Samanta Schweblin’s A Mouthful of Birds, and Maggie Nelson’s The Argonauts. By the end of the course, students will have a more informed understanding of what literature is (now), what it does (now), and what we can say about it (now).

200-Level

100-Level | 200-Level | 300-Level | 400-Level

2110.002: Traditional Grammar (Previously ENGL 240)

MWF 1100-1150
Tyler Johnson, ctylerjohnson@unm.edu

Native speakers of any variety of English use the language every day without thinking about grammar rules. In fact, people who have learned English as a foreign language often know the grammar rules of standardized American English better than native speakers. In this class, we will review various parts of speech (e.g., nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions) and use your linguistic intuitions about how parts of a sentence are put together to create grammatical and complete sentences. And, as languages are rule-governed systems that change over time, we will also look at examples of English language change and we will question commonly held language attitudes. Course work will consist of quizzes, a short paper, readings, and discussion board posts. 

2120.001: Intermediate Composition (Previously ENGL 220)

MWF 900-950
Sarah Worland, sworland@unm.edu

"To Whom It May Concern" - Letters as Literature

The first known postal document dates from 255 B.C.E. in Egypt, but history suggests letters were exchanged long before then. The letter-writing (what we will come to know as the “epistolary”) tradition in literature is rich and extends into multiple genres (novels, poetry, historical documents, etc.) and across continents. In this course we will read letters in various forms but primarily from American literature, and we will consider these texts as they pertain to themes such as nation, politics, gender, race, censorship, and experimentalism.

Throughout the semester, we’ll ask and write about questions like: what are the defining features of a letter? What is the form of a letter able to do? How important is the audience – or recipient – of a letter? How does the rhetorical situation and genre of a letter determine meaning? How has social media influenced the art of the letter? In this process, we will write our own letters, work together to learn more about different writing forms and research techniques, and read texts by James Baldwin, Sandra Cisneros, Elizabeth Bishop, and Tom Raworth.

2120.002: Intermediate Composition (Previously ENGL 220)

MWF 1100-1150
Kalila Bohsali, kbohsali@unm.edu

Poetry in the Digital Age - Social Media, Tracking, and the Future of Poetry

This course will cover the poetry and poetics of obsessive personal narrative and culminate with a look into new trends in social media poetry. Poetry is a language art form that has required defense through several centuries. Scholars from every era have announced the Death Of Poetry as we know it! Yet, a new and substantial canon of poetry has been published through Twitter and Instagram. Even the character limits of each social media platform has unintentionally produced poetic constraint and poetic form. This course will start by looking at the origins of self-tracking and personal narrative in poetry to establish potentially influential works that are emulative of social media, and the social media persona. From there we will look at collaborative poetry and the language poet movement. We will work through conceptual poetry and the origins of the convergence of image and word; flarf and the start of online poetry; and culminate by taking a serious and rigorous look at pop poetry published on Instagram. Some of the major questions that will be asked this semester are: Is social media and obsessive personal narrative a new turn in language? Are pop poets producing poetry? What qualifies a poem? And, was poetry the first Twitter/Instagram?

2120.003: Intermediate Composition (Previously ENGL 220)

MWF 1200-1250
Seth Garcia, sgarcia94@unm.edu

The Intersection of Ecology and Poetics

This class will examine how poetry and ecology inform each other to create the field of ecopoetics. In this course we will write both critically and creatively, and read from many diverse, socially-conscious texts as we discuss the way poetics aims to tackle the complex ecological issues of a modern and evolving world.

2120.004: Intermediate Composition (Previously ENGL 220)

MWF 1300-1350
Emma Mincks, emma.mincks@gmail.com

Who Are We? "The Self" in Modernity

The purpose of this 220 is to explore notions of the self and synthesize a variety of opinions about identity and being into personalized, argumentative responses.

Why, after hundreds of years of art, music, and literature produced about selfhood, do we still not fully understand ourselves or other people? What makes the self fall apart? Is that falling apart a necessity? How do we recognize our self in relation to our surroundings? How does capitalism and industrialization affect our concepts of selfhood? What about colonialism?

We will explore and respond to these questions through literature and philosophies regarding ontology and the notion of selfhood. We’ll look at both the problems and the joys created by the notion of the self. Our readings will include texts that interrogate being and selfhood as well as the development and acceptance of selfhood. We will examine discourses of the self from both a theoretical and philosophical framework, examining self-representation, self-determination, and the unknowable nature of self-understanding. We will explore psychological notions, as well as look at orientations of modern philosophies and self-help literature.

We will also attempt to uncover who we are personally in relation to both traditional and modern notions of selfhood in western culture, as complicated by colonialism and capitalism. This class is designed to help students determine how their relationship to selfhood impacts their interactions with the world around them.

Throughout the semester, you will research the concept of the self, respond to a variety of ideas on the topic, and extensively reflect on its importance (or unimportance, or nuanced importance ;) in modern society. You will create a treatise on selfhood the last month of class based on these readings and your research in the class. What does selfhood mean to you? why you think we have these conversations? and/or what makes human consciousness so unknowable even to us who are experiencing it? Every assignment in the class will be leading up to your treatise, so I encourage you to take thorough reading notes throughout the class and reflect on your changing opinions while researching.

2120.005: Intermediate Composition (Previously ENGL 220)

Mario Montoya, sol1@unm.edu

Hip Hop - A Global Phenomenon

Hip Hop as a culture has impacted marginalized communities for close to five decades, giving a voice to the unheard. Once practiced mainly in large US cities like NY, Philly, LA, and Chicago, Hip Hop has since spread like wildfire, touching all countries and corners of the globe. Today, it’s practiced in places like Zimbabwe, Brazil, Chile, China, Japan and Korea, just to name a few. It’s even practiced here in New Mexico, a place with its own Hip Hop history and roots.

In this course, students will learn the history of Hip Hop, from James Brown and “breaking,” to graffiti art and rap music. We’ll examine the places that spawned Hip Hop, first in the Bronx and California, then later in other cities. We’ll isolate each “element” or artform (rap, djing, breaking and graffiti), analyzing it through a historical and cultural lens. Next, we’ll examine how each element has spread globally, identifying where else this particular artform is being practiced and mastered. Then, we’ll take a local look at Hip Hop, viewed from a New Mexico perspective. Each "element" will culminate in a workshop, where a local performer will demonstrate the artform being studied, firsthand. Finally, we’ll examine some social problems and key political issues that affects Hip Hop on a global scale. Students will respond throughout the semester by completing a website and a series of research papers, the final one being 8-10 pages in length.   

2120.007: Intermediate Composition (Previously ENGL 220)

TR 1100-1215
Cary Mandel, cpmandel@unm.edu

Every tourist knows that taking yourself too seriously is a serious travel faux pas. But for some, overt earnestness and deadpan grumpiness are precisely where the magic happens. Certain travel writers cause us to laugh-out-loud and snarf hot liquids from our noses. How do they do it? How do they create epic voyages of failure? In this class we will explore humoristic travel writing in the form of essays and travelogues. We will begin with excerpts from Mark Twain’s The Innocents Abroad and leap into contemporary works by authors: David Foster Wallace, Bill Bryson, David Sedaris, Tim Cahill, Paul Theroux, Mary Roach, Eric Weiner, Andrew McCarthy, Michael Palin, Dave Barry, Susan Orlean, Ian Frazier, and Peter Mayle. We will also watch and dissect footage from travel documentarians Anthony Bourdain and Ricky Gervais. Throughout the semester you will write your own witty observations, cringeworthy foibles, and self-deprecating confessions.

2120.008: Intermediate Composition (Previously ENGL 220)

TR 1230-1345
Jared Valdez, jvaldez3@unm.edu

The Rhetoric of Food, Nutrition, and Culture

This class will closely examine the rituals, customs, and traditions of food in culture. We will delve into literary texts such as Anthony Bourdain’s Kitchen Confidential and Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle. We will also watch insightful profiles and reviews of food and culture from shows like Parts Unknown and Cooked. Furthermore, we will examine food in cinema as we will discuss movies such as Ratatouille, Chocolate, and the documentary Super-Size Me. Our text base analysis will vary from food blogs to cookbooks. However, we will not just learn about food, we will also be eating throughout the semester.

Our assignments will all calibrate together to teach us a different aspect of food in culture. Our first essay will delve into a historical period as we will examine how food has shaped, evolved, and created who we are today. Next, we will pick our own specific region/culture and will conduct an analysis of how food is integrated into their society. Finally, you will apply your knowledge as food scholars to relate your own personal experience with food. Midway through the semester, my mother will be cooking the class my family's famous enchilada dinner where we will discuss the traditions and recipes of New Mexican cuisine. At the end of the semester, students will have the opportunity to cook their own dishes. In your final research papers you will discuss the culture, history, traditions, recipes, and customs that make your dish and region/culture unique. At the final pot luck you will present these findings. I look forward to seeing you at the literary dining table this fall semester!

2120.009: Intermediate Composition (Previously ENGL 220)

TR 0930-1045
Emily Reiff, ereiff01@unm.edu

Gulp: Digesting and Regurgitating Scientific Writing and Media

2120.021: Intermediate Composition (Previously ENGL 220)

Online
Richard Robb, fish123@unm.edu

Healthcare and Climate Change - The Role of the Medical Community in a Time of Global Crisis

A disrupted and changing climate is becoming perhaps the greatest crisis humanity has faced. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that “the resulting changes in the global climate bring a range of risks to health, from deaths in extreme high temperatures to changing patterns of infectious diseases.[1]” Additionally, warmer temperatures will increase deaths from extreme heat and cold as well as triggering asthma and other respiratory ailments brought on by aeroallergens. In this course we will explore the role of the healthcare community will play in this global catastrophe. Through books such as Paul Auerbach’s Enviromedics: The Impact of Climate Change on Human Health and Leonardo DiCaprio’s documentary Before The Flood, as well as scholarly journal and mainstream news articles, we will begin to gain a better understanding of the impact on patients and those who treat them. You will research how climate change will affect both your particular field of study and the people it serves and then report on it through various genres and multi-modal presentations. You will also engage with your student peers through discussion boards and with the instructor through private online journals.

This online course is based on the idea that global climate change is a scientific fact and that the effects are already being felt throughout the world. We will not be arguing this point, but rather developing ideas on how future members of the medical community (as well as psychologists, health educators, sociologists, social workers, therapists, community leaders, entrepreneurs, and economists) can prepare to deal with the increase in certain health issues.

2220.001: Intro to Professional Writing (Previously ENGL 290)

Online
Stephen Benz, sbenz@unm.edu

The main purpose of ENGL 2220 is to give you a basic understanding of what professional writers and editors do. Toward this end, the course introduces you to the practices and procedures of professional writing and editing. It also covers career opportunities available in professional writing. You will learn about expository writing style, persuasion, and document design. You will also learn how to deal with ethical situations that often arise in corporate, professional, private, and public workplaces.

Projects in this course will guide you through the process of document development and introduce you to the most common genres of workplace writing. These projects are designed to help you create some initial materials for a portfolio you can use when looking for an internship or employment in the field.

2240.001: Intro to Studies in English (Previously ENGL 249)

W 1300-1350
Diane Thiel, dthiel@unm.edu

English 249 is a one-credit, eight-week class that brings together students majoring in English. It is a required course and must be taken before embarking on the major coursework. Students are introduced to the subfields of rhetoric and professional writing; creative writing; literary studies; and critical theory and cultural studies. Students will be introduced to the life of the department through class visits with faculty members, attendance at departmental events, and a variety of readings and discussions. Some class sessions will include conversations about employment or opportunities for graduate school. The final task will be to craft a letter of intent documenting an intended course of study and future goals.

2240.002: Intro to Studies in English (Previously ENGL 249)

T 0930-1045
Diane Thiel, dthiel@unm.edu

English 249 is a one-credit, eight-week class that brings together students majoring in English. It is a required course and must be taken before embarking on the major coursework. Students are introduced to the subfields of rhetoric and professional writing; creative writing; literary studies; and critical theory and cultural studies. Students will be introduced to the life of the department through class visits with faculty members, attendance at departmental events, and a variety of readings and discussions. Some class sessions will include conversations about employment or opportunities for graduate school. The final task will be to craft a letter of intent documenting an intended course of study and future goals.

2310.001: Intro to Creative Writing (Previously ENGL 224)

MWF 1000-1050
Seth Garcia, sgarcia94@unm.edu

You write, we read, we talk. In this course, we will explore creative writing across the genres of fiction, poetry, and creative non-fiction. We will discuss texts and break down craft concepts including voice, character development, plot, structure, POV, and narrative arc. By expanding your tool sets in the way you edit and the way your create, you will become better readers and better writers. 

2310.002: Intro to Creative Writing (Previously ENGL 224)

TR 1400-1515
Cary Mandel, cpmandel@unm.edu

In this class we will learn to read, analyze, and compose work in fiction, creative nonfiction, and poetry. We’ll read work that pushes and blurs the boundaries of these genres and learn to describe them through craft elements. We’ll discuss work in terms of plot, structure, characterization, voice, image, temporality, and use these discussions to develop strategies for making our own writing more vivid, effective, and exciting.

2310.003: Intro to Creative Writing (Previously ENGL 224)

TR 1100-1215
Darren A Donate, ddonate@unm.edu

This introductory Creative Writing course will focus on building skills within three genres of creative writing: Fiction, Poetry, and Creative Non-fiction. We will be reading from a wide selection of contemporary contemporary authors in each genre. Students will also be workshopping their own creative material and partcipate in writing excercises to hone their craft further. 

2310.005: Intro to Creative Writing (Previously ENGL 224)

MWF 1100-1150
Lisa Chavez, ldchavez@unm.edu

This introductory course will introduce students to the craft of writing literary fiction, poetry, and creative nonfiction.  We will begin with issues that all genres share, and then go on to  look at some of the conventions of the individual genres.  Students should be prepared to learn to read like a writer, to try out a lot of different exercises, to learn the art of revision, and to write in all three genres.  I also expect lively discussion of the assigned readings, and there will also be an introduction to peer review in small groups. 

2310.006: Intro to Creative Writing (Previously ENGL 224)

TR 0930-1045
Michelle Gurule, migurule5@unm.edu

This course will introduce students to the basic elements of creative writing, including short fiction, poetry, and creative nonfiction. Students will read and study published works as models, but the focus of this "workshop" course is on students revising and reflecting on their own writing. Throughout this course, students will be expected to read poetry, fiction, and non-fiction closely, and analyze the craft features employed. They will be expected to write frequently in each of these genres. Prerequisite: 1110 or 1110Y or 1110Z.

2310.007: Intro to Creative Writing (Previously ENGL 224)

Online
Amarlie Foster, amarlie@unm.edu

This introductory Creative Writing course will focus on building skills within three genres of creative writing: Fiction, Poetry, and Creative Non-fiction. We will be reading from a wide selection of contemporary contemporary authors in each genre. Students will also be workshopping their own creative material and partcipate in writing excercises to hone their craft further. 

2510.001: Analysis of Literature (Previously ENGL 250)

TR 1230-1345
David Puthoff

Is the planet dying – or is it being murdered? Is an appreciation of nature the most urgent form of spirituality – or the most nihilistic expression of privilege? How should humans relate to other animals – as entertainment, resources, or comrades? And what does climate change mean if everything from agriculture to individual psychology to the form of society depends on the environment? The theme of this course is “Literature, Late-Stage Capitalism, and the Environment” and it is designed to introduce you to a way of analysis that might mean something in the thirty years we have left.

The idea of literature as a balm, as “sweetness and light,” can only be reactionary in an era of neofascism and climate catastrophe. This course will introduce you to several theorists who approach literature in another way: as a work of human imagination, steeped in ideology. We will begin with pop culture as far back as 1300, sampling international texts that respond to those human relationships with the environment that made capitalism possible, from enclosures to colonialism and slavery. Major texts will include Frankenstein, Walden, Invisible Man, and Oryx and Crake. Assignments will consist of quizzes, short reflection papers, and a multimodal project.

2510.002: Analysis of Literature (Previously ENGL 250)

MWF 1000-1050
Lauren Perry, perryl@unm.edu

In this course, students will engage twentieth-century American short stories through the key terms and literary theories used in literary study. Students will read theoretical framework, learn terminology, and employ both to discuss literature using various analytical frameworks and theoretical concepts. Students will learn how to lead and participate in meaningful, productive discussions of literature by utilizing and understanding essential terms from the field. Students will search out and explore literary criticism surrounding our weekly readings and take turns leading the class discussion using their ideas and what they have learned from secondary sources. Students will gain important reading skills, definitions, and the ability to search out contemporary discussions surrounding texts we read in class. Together, we will combine key terms and literary framework to analyze literary texts.

2560.001: Introduction to Native American Literature (Previously ENGL 264)

Sarah Hernandez, sarah.hernandez@colorado.edu

This course is designed to introduce students to Native American literature from the colonial period to the present. More than 5,000 tribes exist worldwide.  Obviously, we cannot cover the creative works of all these tribal groups and indigenous communities in one class.  Special emphasis will be placed on the following three literary genres: tribally-specific literatures, pantribal literatures, and world indigenous literatures.  Tribally-specific literatures refer to books written by local, often reservation-based authors and poets.  Pantribal and world indigenous literatures include poetry and prose written by indigenous writers from other parts of the United States and abroad.  This semester we will read books by writers from the Southwest and Great Plains regions, as well as South America.

2610.001: American Literature I (Previously ENGL 296)

MWF 1100-1150
Melina Vizcaíno-Alemán, mviz@unm.edu

This course is a reading-intensive survey of early American literature covering three primary historical eras: contact/exploration, the early modern, and the early nineteenth century.  The class moves swiftly through three-and-a-half centuries of American literary history, but daily reading assignments emphasize content over volume and quality over quantity.  The course surveys literary genres like poetry, short fiction, and novellas alongside more popular forms like oral narratives, folktales, letters, journals, political speeches, and treaties.  Readings explore both native and colonial narrative forms and perspectives, from New England to New Spain, and the class makes use of visual materials to enhance particular themes, aesthetics, and/or contexts.  Students come away with both a critical and a comprehensive understanding of the topic. 

2620.001: American Literature II (Previously ENGL 297)

2H 8-week course
Online
Matthew Hofer, mrh@unm.edu

This course surveys the evolution of American literature from the mid-nineteenth century through the twentieth, with special emphasis on cultural and social issues frequently associated with modernism and modernity. For each of our four modules we will discuss at least one major fictional work, a generous selection of influential poems, and also a culturally significant film.

Our study begins with a week on the Civil War that extends to the beginning of World War I. From there, we will shift our focus to the growth of the modern metropolis from the “roaring” 1920s through the 1940s. In week three, we will investigate racial identity in the American “melting pot” with reference to the Harlem Renaissance as well as the Black Arts Movement. Our fourth and final week will be dedicated to the Cold War era and an indigenous, if not insular, sense of what it meant to be an American when the country was one of two viable global superpowers.

The survey introduces many canonical authors whose reputations — if not individual works — you may already know. However, it aims to do so in conjunction with other important American writers who are perhaps, and perhaps unjustly, lesser known. Our survey will center on prose by Sherwood Anderson, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Zora Neale Hurston, and J. D. Salinger, poetry by Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Robert Frost, Marianne Moore, William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Robert Hayden, Gwendolyn Brooks, Elizabeth Bishop, Sylvia Plath, W. S. Merwin, Charles Olson, and Robert Creeley, and films by Charlie Chaplin, Orson Welles, Marian C. Cooper, and Stanley Kubrick.

There are no prerequisites for this course, and no formal knowledge of literary criticism, history, or theory is required in order to be successful in it.

2630.001: British Literature I (Previously ENGL 294)

TR 1400-1515
Jessica Troy, jtroy01@unm.edu

Welcome to English 2630! Most of the texts we will read in this class (Old English, Middle English, Early Modern, and Enlightenment) will likely be unfamiliar to you, especially the Anglo-Saxon and Middle English pieces, but FEAR NOT! While we gain a deeper understanding of the historical and cultural contexts in which this literature was developed, we will also closely examination character development/archetypes, literacy, genre, and all of the unexpected, peculiar, and macabre elements the literature of early England has to offer.

2640.001: British Literature II (Previously ENGL 295)

Online
Gail Houston, ghouston@unm.edu

2650.001: World Literature I (Previously ENGL 292)

TR 1100-1215
Nahir Otaño Gracia, nahir@unm.edu

Beginning with the earliest literatures of the Ancient World, working up through the Medieval Period and moving into the Early Modern period, this course will explore some of the key works of the world’s literatures through the seventeenth century.  Placing memorable plays, poems, and works of fiction in their cultural and historical contexts, we will not only gain a greater understanding of the development of literature and literary traditions in China, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, Japan, Persia, Arabia, Europe, India, and the Americas, but we will gain a sense of history and a sense of the differences and similarities that shape the varieties of human experience across time and cultures.  As we marvel at powerful tales about love and war, heroic journeys, spiritual pilgrimages, courtly intrigue, and colonial contact we will be alert to the varying degrees that these works display the globalizing tendencies that have culminated in the richly diverse tapestry of the modern world.  Readings will include all or parts of such works as the Epic of Gilgamesh, The Odyssey, The Ramayana, The Aeneid and The Tale of Genji; selections from the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures, Bhagavad Gita, and Qur’an; plays by Aeschylus, Kalidasa, and Shakespeare; poetry by Sappho, Catullus, Li Bai, Ono no Komachi, Petrarch, Ibn Hazm, and Farid ud-dun Attar; as well essays, letters and memoirs by Macchiavelli, Ibn Khaldun, Montaigne, and Columbus.  Requirements will include several short papers, quizzes, and a midterm and final examination.

2660.001: World Literature II (Previously ENGL 293)

MWF 1300-1350
Feroza Jussawalla, fjussawa@unm.edu

This is the second half of the World Literature survey. We will use the Norton Anthology of World Literatures. We start from the 17th century, doing comparative work, such as comparative poetry, Haiku and the British romanticists, European travel writing such as Aphra Behn’s Oronokoo and later on Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. The emphasis is largely on the Twentieth Century and “Postcolonial” writers, Rushdie, Naipaul etc. we will write 3 short reaction-response papers and a research paper. Come have fun, making pretty Haiku books!

300-Level

100-Level | 200-Level | 300-Level | 400-Level

304.002: Bible As Literature

Online
Kelly Van Andel, kvanande@unm.edu

This course studies biblical texts within their historical and literary contexts, and it examines how the authors of the Bible utilize literary forms and tools such as the parable, proverb, allegory, and so on, to convey particular messages. It additionally stresses the importance of the Bible as a source of English and American literature. Units of study include Narrative, Poetry, the Gospels, the Letter, Apocalyptic Literature, and the Hebrew Bible and Christian New Testament in English and American Literature. There are weekly quizzes and discussions, two exams, and one short presentation. 

305.001: Mythology

TR 930-1045
Nicholas Schwartz, nschwar@unm.edu

This course is designed to introduce students to a variety of mythological traditions that are most necessary to learn and recognize for the study of American and British literature and culture. As such, our focus will be primarily—but not only—on the Western mythologies which most often exerted a major influence on these literatures and cultures. This does not mean, however, that we will spend all of our time reading those myths which feature prominently in Ancient Greek and Roman Literatures. The scope of this course is broad, both geographically and temporally speaking. We will start with myths from ancient Mesopotamia, like Gilgamesh, and also touch base with the Judeo-Christian Bible, Ancient Greece and Rome, and Medieval Iceland, amongst others. Students will not only develop a valuable familiarity with these various mythological traditions, but they will also be exposed to a number of different ways of reading and analyzing them.

306.001: Arthurian Legends & Romance: Medieval to Modern

TR 1530-1645
Anita Obermeier, aobermei@unm.edu

The Arthurian Legend has been the single most prolific literary motif in Western literature. This course will investigate this enduring strength and attraction of Arthurian legends from their pan-European beginnings in the medieval period to contemporary literature, popular culture, and film. We will read masterpieces from the Celtic tradition, Chrétien de Troyes, the French Lancelot-Grail Cycle, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Thomas Malory, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Mark Twain, Naomi Mitchison, and others. This way, we can observe how each version serves a new authorial, political, or cultural agenda—whether it is to establish a national foundation myth, to endorse specific religious values, to revive medieval values in an industrial age, or to challenge gender stereotypes in modern times. We will also focus on the evolution of other important Arthurian characters, such as Gawain, Tristan, Perceval, Morgan le Fay, Galahad, Merlin, Lancelot, and Guinevere.

320.001: Writing About Food & Culture

MWF 1400-1450
Michelle Kells, mkells@unm.edu

Food as a cultural, social, and rhetorical trope speaks to us across communities, place, and time. Good food feeds the body and the soul. The purpose of this class is to create a community of environmental thinkers and to cultivate opportunities for considering our roles as citizens, activists, scholars (of place) through the study of local and global food cultures. The rich literary and rhetorical legacy of food culture and environmental discourse will be examined through diverse textual artifacts (and genres) including the everyday rhetoric of menus and recipes, film, poetry, speeches, essays, letters, creative nonfiction, food reviews, and the multiple forms of food rhetoric in public culture. This course will also focus on literary and rhetorical texts representing the ecology of place with special emphasis on New Mexico food cultures and environmental justice movements in relation to land and water rights, food cultivation, and biodiversity depletion. Participation in field exercises, guest lectures, and out-of-class learning environments will be integral to this course. Our reading list will include environmental texts within and beyond the Southwest region. The study of environmental rhetoric calls attention to the means by which activists, scholars, and citizens represent and advance their interests as individual agents and collective entities on behalf of diverse communities. Environmental writing is social action; creative and symbolic; dynamic; context-dependent; intrinsic to human communication; inherent to all forms of social organization. These conceptual framing principles (as topoi) will inform our analyses of place, citizenship, agency, and arguments about the multiple uses of cultural/environmental resources—particularly the circulation of water resources and the cultivation and distributions of food resources. Capstone Project will include the construction of student Food Blogs (using field research and qualitative research methods) toward the production of an online portfolio of reflective writing, field reports, film analyses, food reviews, interviews, and a multi-modal team presentation.

321.001: Intermediate Fiction Writing

MWF 1100-1150
Marisa P. Clark, clarkmp@unm.edu

English 321 emphasizes the analysis, production, and revision of literary short stories. Our class will read and analyze published stories by a diverse assortment of authors and do exercises designed to hone the use of craft elements, such as scene and summary, plot, character development, POV, and setting. Ideally, these exercises will inspire ideas for your stories. You will write and significantly revise two short stories during the semester.

For the most part, we’ll read and write fiction that presents an event or situation that might credibly happen to real people in “real” life. Ideally, we’ll learn how to create complex characters and realistic situations through carefully selected details that strip away the mask of the mundane. Writing genre fiction (sci-fi, fantasy, horror, romance, and the like) that employs formulaic plots, stock characters, and other predictable elements will be off-limits for this class. That said, the craft techniques we study and writing we do should be able to serve you in all areas of your creative work, and if time allows at the end of the semester, we may explore how to incorporate these elements of craft in speculative and genre writing.

321.002: Intermediate Fiction Writing

Online
Julie Shigekuni, jshig@unm.edu

This online workshop will focus on the close reading of and experimentation in the writing of short fiction with an emphasis on voice: How it is created by other authors, and how does it emerge in your work? During the first half of the semester, you will create story fragments, each week isolating and treating an element of story (e.g., character, setting, plot, point of view, theme) that contributes to an engaging narrative. Once you are familiar with the elements of craft, you will choose a story fragment to develop. This story will be the basis of your workshop critique. As well, you will critique stories written by your classmates with an eye toward revision. In asking ourselves how good stories are made and pushing constantly at what is possible in our own work, we will read stories from the anthology along with notes on craft by well known authors.

322.001: Intermediate Creative Writing – Poetry

TR 1230-1345
Diane Thiel, dthiel@unm.edu

In this intermediate workshop course, the readings and class sessions will focus on particular techniques or elements of poetry (i.e.: perspective, diction, rhythm, forms of poetry, etc.).  Creative exercises and assignments will accompany these discussions. Students will also be workshopping several poems throughout the course. Because students arrive in such courses with a variety of backgrounds, styles, and interests in poetry, conversations about lineage and the different schools of thought in poetry will be a vital element of the class. Some of this discussion will arise from the workshop of student poems.

323.001: Intermediate Creative Nonfiction

MWF 1400-1450
Lisa Chavez, ldchavez@unm.edu

This is an intermediate level creative writing class in creative nonfiction, a wide-ranging genre that includes memoir, personal essay, literary journalism and the lyric essay, among others.  Though we will likely focus on memoir, you will be introduced to a variety of different types of essays, and you will learn how to craft compelling scenes and reflection, as well as learn some of the unique ethical challenges of writing and discussing this genre. In addition to writing, we will read a lot—both work by established writers and work by you and your classmates.

351.001: Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales

TR 1230-1345
Nicholas Schwartz, nschwar@unm.edu 

This course focuses on The Canterbury Tales, the final work and masterpiece of Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest and most important writers in English. A mix of the bawdy and the chaste, the sacred and the profane, the high- and the low-class, amongst other dichotomies, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales is a work that provides its readers with a host of personalities, literary conventions, styles, and much, much more. All primary texts will be read in Chaucer’s Middle English, though students do not need to have any experience with the language in order to take this course. Chaucer wrote during the fourteenth century—a time of great tumult, including famine, plague, political uprising, and religious rebellion. We will consider the Canterbury Tales in light of this complicated historical context while also paying attention to the long and rich history of scholarly criticism on the Tales. Coursework and assignments designed to develop knowledge of the conventions of medieval English poetry, a competence in Middle English, and to recognize Chaucer’s contributions to English language and literature.

352.001: Early Shakespeare

MWF 1000-1050
Lisa Myers, myersl@unm.edu 

This course covers the Elizabethan-era works of William Shakespeare, including drama and poetry. The course will focus on the various conventions of the sub-genres of comedy, tragedy and history as well as the epyllion. The student will gain familiarity with the early works of Shakespeare and an understanding of the Elizabethan theater as well as the importance of Shakespeare’s dramatic and poetic innovations. Texts include: The Comedy of Errors, Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Richard III, Henry V, Titus Andronicus, Hamlet and Venus and Adonis. 

352.010: Early Shakespeare

Online
Marissa Greenberg, marissag@unm.edu

Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Henry V, Hamlet – you may think that you know these plays, but think again! In this fully online course you will revisit these plays as well as encounter new works, such as the Quentin Tarantino-like revenge play Titus Andronicus, the slapstick situational comedy of The Comedy of Errors, and the still-relevant retelling of abusive power in The Rape of Lucrece. Using a variety of online resources and active-learning strategies, you will develop your knowledge and comprehension of Shakespeare’s earlier writings and the contexts of their composition, performance, and reception. Special attention will be paid to Shakespeare’s language on page and on stage.

By the end of this course, you will be able to

• Describe the characters, plots, and conventions of a selection of Shakespeare’s earlier plays and poetry.
• Describe the historical contexts for the creation and reception of Shakespeare’s plays.
• Apply a range of interpretive methods to analyze Shakespeare’s earlier plays.
• Demonstrate facility with Shakespeare’s language.

365.001: Chicana/o Cultural Studies

TR 1100-1215
Bernadine Hernández, berna18@unm.edu 

This course is a comparative exploration of the politics and aesthetics of Chicana/o cultural production in relation to Latina/o/x Studies. We will explore the transnational nature of Latinidad and how power relations and sociopolitical dynamics both in the United States as well as in countries of origin shape Latina/o/x culture and identity. We will start by defining Chicana/o and Latina/o/x, and latinidad. We will look at the historical construction of Chicanos/as/x as well as Latinos/as/x. For a portion of the class we will be looking at the cultural production that shapes the field of Chicano/a Studies in relation to the growing field of Latina/o/x Studies. We will consider themes such as migration, colonialism, gender, sexuality, and class. As a course in cultural studies, our class will traverse both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources being literature, art, film, performance art, and other cultural production. Secondary texts will introduce the class to key theoretical concepts that will elucidate the primary sources. While not exhaustive, this class will take a historical approach to the fields of Chicana/o/ Studies and Latina/o/x Studies that grapple with nineteenth-century colonialism and imperialism but mostly focus on contemporary cultural production.  

378.001: Salman Rushdie

MWF 1100-1150
Feroza Jussawalla, fjussawa@unm.edu

Rushdie is perhaps the most controversial author of our time, an author who has repeatedly been banned for his political views and depictions of religious figures and one on whom there was a death sentence (fatwa) issued by the Iranian government because he was presumed to have insulted the Ayatollah Khomeini. He is also probably the most prolific of contemporary authors and the most experimental. He is the author of the very controversial novel Satanic Verses still used both politically by the right and the left in their depictions of Muslims. His other novels, Midnight’s Children, (about Indian Independence), and Shame (about Pakistan) mostly deal with the Indian subcontinent. BUT, his latest novel, The Golden House deals with Trump. This is his latest offense: controversial, hilarious, and humorous. He also has a very enjoyable children’s book, Haroun and the Sea of Stories that takes off on the Arabian Nights. In this class we will look at his writing style, his use of modernism and post-modernism, magical realism, mixing of genres and his use of satire. It is important as you read Rushdie to learn and know the context. So we will in fact talk a lot about his depictions of Islam whether they are real or not, and of the political figures he depicts. I hope to make the class enjoyable and lots of fun. I will encourage discussion from all perspectives and hope you will participate, with respect and openness. We will write short reaction-response papers on the novels and memoir that we read.

378.002: T: Shakespeare and Film

2H 8-weeks
TR 1600-1830
Carmen Nocentelli, nocent@unm.edu

This course will introduce students to a selection of Shakespeare's plays, current critical issues in Shakespeare studies, and principles of adaptation from textual sources to film. We will read some of Shakespeare's most beloved plays—including Taming of a Shrew, Romeo and Juliet, and Macbeth—and watch films by directors as diverse as Franco Zeffirelli, Akira Kurosawa, Vishal Bhardwaj, and Baz Luhrmann.

387.001: The Tragic Tradition

Online
Marissa Greenberg, marissag@unm.edu

This course will introduce students to the critical tradition of tragedy. What is tragedy? Is it a play with a flawed hero and a sad ending? Is it a real-world event, whether a national disaster or a personal loss? Students will explore a range of answers to these questions as they trace the history of what constitutes a tragedy, including plot, effect, and especially character—that is, who counts as a tragic hero: Is it only rich and powerful men? What about workers, women, and minorities? Students will read theories of tragedy and the tragic from the ancient world to today, including Aristotle, Pierre Corneille, Friedrich Nietzche, Bertolt Brecht, and Judith Butler. They will also examine the practice of tragedy in various media, such as drama, the novel, and film. 

By the end of this fully online course, students will be able to:

• Trace the history of tragedy from classical criticism to contemporary theory.
• Describe the relationship between theories of tragedy and the tragic and the practice of tragedy in various media.
• Assess the critical history of tragic character.

400-Level

100-Level | 200-Level | 300-Level | 400-Level

410.001: Criticism and Theory

TR 1400-1515
Bernadine Hernández, berna18@unm.edu 

This course will chart a diverse field of theoretical schools of thought, from formalism to decolonial theory.  We will study major theoretical movements and critical theories such as structuralism, post structuralism, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, Marxism, New Historicism, and Cultural Studies.  We will consider the main arguments and distinguishing elements of each theoretical field and the questions and ideas they are attempting to think through, but more importantly, we concentrate on the dialectical relation of these theories and thinkers. To add to this dialectical conversation of major works, we will examine and interrogate critical theories that have emerged in line with or in direct juxtaposition to these major authors. Feminist theory, Critical Gender and Sexuality Studies, Queer Theory, Settle Colonial Theory, Women of Color feminism, and Decolonial Theory are some of the adjacent workings that will intervene on these critical approaches. You will come out of the class with the critical tools necessary to craft an analytical and theoretical argument. 

416.001: Autobiography & Biography

R 1730-2000
David Dunaway, dunaway@unm.edu

This is a creative non-fiction workshop to help students write, criticize, and appreciate biography and autobiography. Classwork and reading emphasize narrative strategies, writing techniques, and literary history with a clear end: the writing of a chapter of your autobiography (for graduate students only) and a biographical chapter on a literary figure.

Students contrast biography and autobiography of Jack Kerouac, Maya Angelou, and others, comparing organization, stylistics, narrative strategy, and research. The course counts for either an undergraduate literary seminar or a workshop course. Books are at the UNM Bookstore; UNM’s e-reserve system has the on-line reader for printing and reading.

417.001: Editing

TR 1230-1345
Bethany Davila, bdavila@unm.edu

This course teaches students how to approach editing as career or as writers who want to improve their own writing. Along with practicing advanced copyediting skills, you will learn how to perform comprehensive editing that results in documents that are complete, accurate, comprehensible, usable, and appropriate for readers. Assignments include regular homework, quizzes, and two large editing projects as well as regular reflection on your progress toward the student learning outcomes.

418.001: Grant and Proposal Writing

MWF 1000-1050
Rachael Reynolds, reynoldsr@unm.edu 

This course explores the art of raising money with a focus on how to raise funds for non-profit organizations. You will meet with fund raising executives and foundation directors from Albuquerque. You will study winning non-profit proposals to understand the successful moves they make. You will learn how to research, locate, and evaluate RFPs (requests for proposals) to find the best match between a project and a prospective funder. You will practice how to persuade a client or funder to support you, and/or your project. 

419.001: Visual Rhetoric

MWF 1100-1150
Julianne Newmark,  newmark@unm.edu

Visual Rhetoric is a course that introduces students to the significance of visual symbols in human communication. Students learn fundamental graphic and document design principles, develop a vocabulary for analyzing the rhetoric, ethics, and politics of images, and apply this knowledge to the production of effective graphical and visual pieces of technical communication.  Furthermore, students will develop a vocabulary for discussing and analyzing the visual aspects of documents and other multimodal communications.  Students will learn to recognize the political and rhetorical force implied by the choice of a certain visual presentation.  Students will develop skills in identifying and analyzing the audience(s) targeted by a particular visual presentation.  Finally, students will create visually effective documents and graphics.

420.001: Blue Mesa Review

TR 1400-1515
Mark Sundeen, marksundeen@unm.edu

This class introduces you to the production of UNM’s national literary magazine, Blue Mesa Review. We receive hundreds and sometimes thousands of submissions each year from authors hoping to see their stories, essays, or poems published in our journal. Your primary responsibility in this course is to assess these submissions—collectively called “slush”—for possible publication in BMR. In addition, you will keep an informal journal about your participation in slush, attend discussion meetings, and write a few short papers. This class requires you to be self-motivating; in some respects, it is very much like an independent study. You must be able to keep up with the workload on your own—and often on your own time.

420.002: Writing with Class Tropes: Rhetoric of Wine

W 1600-1830
Michelle Kells, mkells@unm.edu

We are rhetorical beings, shaping and influencing our environments with (social, physical, spiritual, political, economic, etc.) through language and symbol. Francis Bacon succinctly defined rhetoric as the “art of applying reason to the imagination for the better moving of the will.”  And who can resist Bacon? Nothing moves us to action or imagination better than a good trope! Tropes are more than rhetorical schemas and stylistic devices. Tropes (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony) together with their “kissing cousins” Topoi and Enthymemes (or the more popularly recognized manifestation known as “Memes”) function as forms of Epistemic Rhetoric by mediating and constructing knowledge and the quasi-logical universe of human communication. These complex and abstract concepts become far more palpable and pleasurable to contemplate when paired with a good glass of wine!

421.001: Advanced Creative Writing Workshop - Fiction

Online
Andrew Bourelle, abourelle@unm.edu 

You will read, analyze, and discuss published examples of fiction, examining elements of craft. You will also write short stories and share your work with classmates, giving and receiving feedback as a way to improve your writing and the writing of your classmates.

Course Outcomes

• Develop a deeper understanding of the literary genre of fiction.

• Improve your craft as a writer in fiction.

• Improve your skills reading and analyzing a variety of literary texts.

• Improve your personal writing process, including idea generation, composing first drafts, revising, editing, and proofreading.

• Improve your ability to provide helpful feedback to others regarding their writing.

421.002: Advanced Creative Writing Workshop - Fiction

MWF 1300-1350
Daniel Mueller, dmueller@unm.edu

I believe every piece of fiction has contained within it the seed, or blueprint, of what it ultimately wants to be.  For the author, fully realizing a piece of fiction requires carefully listening to what the narrative is telling them during the act of composition, from the first sentence to the last, and at every stage of revision.  In this way, it seems to me, pieces of fiction are born.  Fully realized works of fiction rarely happen in single sittings; for this reason, the fully realized short story, meant to be read in a single sitting, is always a sleight-of-hand, the weeks, months, and even years the author devoted to it seamlessly concealed.  For this reason, too, fiction writing must be a practice, excelled at, if such a thing is possible, only over time and by making it a routine in our lives.

Responding well to another writer’s fiction is, I also believe, as arduous an act of the imagination as writing fiction, for it requires us not only to imagine the fictional world summoned by the words the author has chosen, but to imagine ourselves in the author’s position to their text. 

In essence, as members of a fiction workshop, we try to listen to each work as carefully as its author has and formulate in words the messages it has for them.  In simplest terms, a fiction workshop provides serious fiction writers an invaluable opportunity to have their work read deeply and discussed deeply by a panel of equally serious fellow writers who share, in their hearts and minds, a singular commitment to bringing pieces of fiction as close as possible to completion.

423.001: Advanced Creative Writing Workshop - Nonfiction

TR 1100-1215
Mark Sundeen, marksundeen@unm.edu 

This is a workshop-based course for writing memoir, personal essay, lyrical prose, narrative journalism, and any hybrid thereof. Each student will submit three pieces over the course of the semester to be discussed in class. Workshops will focus on five basic elements of craft: voice, character, theme, structure, and plot. Lessons will include strategies for revision and short assignments to experiment with new genres. We will also hone the skill of providing verbal and written feedback: learning to comment on peers’ work with insights that are honest, kind, and constructive. We will read and evaluate essays by contemporary innovators of creative nonfiction, including Ta-Nehisi Coates, Claudia Rankine, Leslie Jamison, Domingo Martinez, John Jeremiah Sullivan, Roxane Gay, Maggie Nelson, and Jenni Monet.

445.001: History of the English Language

TR 1100-1215
Nicholas Schwartz, nschwar@unm.edu

Ever wonder where “bad words” come from? Have you ever looked at a passage from Chaucer or Shakespeare and wondered why everything seems misspelled? This course is for you! The English language has a long and fascinating history, but to many students the most ancient form of English—Old English—looks practically nothing like the Present-day English we are all familiar with today. Have no fear! This course will trace the development of the English language from its very earliest Indo-European beginnings all the way up to the present. Students will learn about important historical and linguistic influences on English and develop skills for analysis and an appreciation of the English language. No previous experience with linguistics or Old or Middle English is needed for this course.

456.001: British Romanticism

MWF 1400-1450
Stephen Benz, sbenz@unm.edu

“The world is too much with us.”
“Beauty is truth, truth beauty.” 
“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” 

Some of the most familiar lines in English poetry come from the literary movement we commonly call “Romanticism,” which reached its peak during the first half of the nineteenth century. In this course, we’ll tackle some of the “greatest hits” of the era, including poems by Blake, Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley, and Byron, as well as prose by De Quincey, Lamb, and Hazlitt. For research projects, students will also have the opportunity to explore novels by Emily Bronte, Charlotte Bronte, Jane Austen, or Mary Shelley. Along the way, we’ll learn about the principal attributes of Romanticism as perceived by traditional scholarship, while also exploring how recent scholarship has shed new light on the era, recovering marginalized voices and expanding the canon of “Romanticism” beyond the usual suspects.

457.001: Victorian Studies

Online
Gail Houston, ghouston@unm.edu

• the Condition of England question (including issues of industrialization, capitalism, and class society more generally)
• the Woman Question
• the Crisis of Faith (faith and science) 
• and Empire

474.001: Contemporary Southwest Literature

MWF 1000-1050
Melina Vizcaíno-Alemán, mviz@unm.edu

This course is a study of contemporary Southwestern literature, with an emphasis on Native and Chicana/o/x literary texts. We will understand these texts in the context of race, class, and gender, paying close attention to how they represent the body and the environment. Students will learn about major and minor Native and Mexican American writers of the region, and we will look at literature about the environment alongside art, cinema, photography, and other forms of visual culture. Course readings include twentieth-century novels, poetry, short fiction, and essays, as well as critical Indigenous and Chicana/o theories about the region. The course also includes both feature and short films by mainstream and independent filmmakers, as well as painting, pottery, mixed media, and other experimental visual media. Students will learn about key writers, artists, and filmmakers whose work is tied to the region, and they will become familiar with critical research methods and tools in Indigenous and Chicana/o/x Studies.

The course is tied to the Rudolfo and Patricia Anaya Lecture on the Literature of the Southwest. Assignments include participation in several mini-symposia hosted by the lecture series, as well as shorter writing assignments and one major research project. Readings include N. Scot Momaday’s House Made of Dawn, Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony, Oscar “Zeta” Acosta’s Autobiography of a Brown Buffalo, Arturo Islas’s The Rain God, Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera, Deborah Miranda’s Bad Indians.

488.001: Contemporary American Literature, Cinema, and Culture

Online
Jesse Costantino, jcostantino@unm.edu

This course approaches contemporary American film by way of its technological and social histories. Paying careful attention to a variety of cinematic genres, national traditions, venues, and formats, this course teaches the basics of film studies while examining closely the current conditions of filmmaking in the Americas. Over the past decade, new sources of funding have created a new global market for Latin American cinema, while at the same time, Hollywood films from the US have grown increasingly global in their content and production. Through regular film viewings, course readings, and frequent discussions, students will confront these recent transformations in the US and Latin American film industries. Because this course is also interested in the current conditions of filmmaking, students will also be asked to consider the continued relevance of feature-length filmmaking in the digital era, in which binge-watching, fan edits, amateur criticism, and streaming platforms have come to dominate the contemporary cinematic landscape.

499.001: Professional Writing Internship Seminar

Online
Andrew Bourelle, abourelle@unm.edu

English 499 is designed to help students prepare for careers in Technical and Professional Writing. Each student will be responsible for obtaining a professional writing internship with a local business or organization. This on-the-job experience will be coupled with in-class discussions about careers in professional writing. Students will develop electronic and/or print portfolios, résumés, application documents, and other related materials. English 499 fulfills requirements for the English Department’s professional writing certificate and minor.